Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Essay on Intelligence Sharing Intelligence and Law...
Intelligence versus Law Enforcement Intelligence collection and apprehension of criminals have occurred for many years; however, with the exception of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, these actions were performed by different organizations. Nonetheless, roles and responsibilities have changed since the attacks on September 11, 2001. Intelligence-led policing and the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing program were incorporated, and fusion centers were established to help gather intelligence from different levels of the government. Although law enforcement at the local, state, and tribal levels aid in intelligence collection, it is important to ensure that intelligence gathered to protect national security and law enforcementâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Data can be collected through human sources, satellites, wiretapping, signals, and internet traffic. However, intelligence organizations must be in compliance with the law to ensure that they are not illegally collecting information (Chesney, 2012). Collect ion occurs because a threat is likely to occur or agencies are trying to find out what information our foreign adversaries possess about the nationââ¬â¢s assets. Intelligence collection occurs in both domestic and foreign territories. Intelligence agencies collect information about foreign adversaries in order to exploit their weaknesses or vulnerabilities (Gentry, 2008). Furthermore, government agencies and political leaders want to discover which of the nationââ¬â¢s assets are seen as vulnerable to the enemy (Gentry, 2008). Other intelligence operations also consist of covert, counterintelligence operations. Counterintelligence is usually used to collect information about the adversary and weaken foreign intelligence operations. Sabotage, spying, and infiltration are all characteristics of foreign intelligence operations. Covert operations hide the identity of the agent(s) or officer(s) executing the operations. If operations are compromised, this protects the agent(s) against retaliation from the enemy. The purpose of analysis is to evaluate the collected information and determineShow MoreRelatedInformation Sharing Between The Intelligence Community1593 Words à |à 7 Pagesby the Intelligence Committee of the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association (AFCEA), both law enforcement and intelligence organizations recognize the need to collaborate, share, and exchange information. However, the events leading up to 9/11 document how the legal and artificial boundaries between them created a serious impediment to protecting the country. First this paper will discuss some of the reasoning and initiatives behind the development of information sharing betweenRead MoreThe Cicc and Giwg Brief883 Words à |à 4 Pagescooperation between intelligence agencies is charged to the Criminal Intelligence Coordinating Council (CICC) and the Global Intelligence Working Group (GIWG). Working in concert, the CICC and the GIWG advocates for local police force agencies in the development a nd communicating of criminal intelligence to promote public safety and our Nationââ¬â¢s security. The recognition by the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) of the prominence of the state, local, and tribal law enforcement (SLTLE) areRead MoreIntegration Has Been The Vanguard Initiative Of The Director Of National Intelligence806 Words à |à 4 PagesDirector of National Intelligence (ODNI). This initiative has been successful in several areas to include: the creation of National Intelligence Managers (NIM) for all primary geographic regions and functional areas; enhanced transparency; and the focus on the negative impacts of over classifying documents. However, not all efforts to integrate the intelligence community (IC) have been successful. For instance, the ODNI did not succeed at creating a comprehensive sharing environment, and has notRead MoreThe Intelligence Community Of The United States1091 Words à |à 5 PagesThe intelligence community of the Unit ed States is a large, robust and bureaucratic system. From this community though, the national objectives of the United States are supported through their gathering and analytical capabilities. The following paper will highlight the intelligence agencies of the Federal government as well as state and local agencies that make up the intelligence community. Within these entities are programs that develop intelligence for use in protecting the homeland as wellRead MoreLaw Enforcement Today763 Words à |à 4 PagesLaw Enforcement Today Paper Chelsea Berry Foundations of the Criminal Justice System June 2, 2013 Gary Lair Many police departments are facing budget problems, forcing them to cut their police force down. Many officers are being asked to do things they normally dont do such as patrolling. Police departments are also facing increasing crimes due to the poor economyRead MoreDifferent Elements That Compromise The Intelligence Communities ( Ic ) From Local Law Enforcement Essay1556 Words à |à 7 PagesThis paper will analyze the different elements that compromise the intelligence communities (IC) from local law enforcement to national agencies and how each of those entities contributes to security intelligence. Secondly, this paper will evaluate the lessons learned from the attacks of 9/11. Lastly, the issues of domestic intelligence vs. foreign intelligence will be examined. Intelligence-led policing along with other various initiatives is a newly developed style of investigation strategy. ThisRead MoreGathering And Sharing. The Appropriate Roles For Local1490 Words à |à 6 PagesGathering and Sharing The appropriate roles for local and federal law enforcement agencies in a national strategy for protecting the homeland is vigilance, intelligence gathering and sharing. When it came to the case of the Orlando Shooter, Omar Mateen, the gun smith told the FBI about him after he purchased the weapons and before he did the shooting. The law enforcement agencies need to take no warning or threat lightly. Intelligence gathering is very important in law enforcement. Intelligence gatheringRead MoreIntelligence And The Homeland Security1205 Words à |à 5 PagesWhat are the capabilities and limitations of intelligence in supporting homeland security efforts? While the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is one, centralized agency, securing the homeland involves the cooperation and collaboration of many, different agencies and organizations ranging from local law enforcement to national agencies such as the NSA, CIA, and FBI. Each of these agencies contributes to the development of homeland security intelligence. By carefully analyzing and commenting onRead MoreFusion Centers And The Interagency Threat Assessment And Coordination Group853 Words à |à 4 PagesHomeland security in hopes of improving information sharing amongst both Federal, State, Local and tribal law enforcement agencies. The attacks of 9/11 proved that intelligence capabilities and willingness to share information lacked greatly. These programs were developed to hopefully counter that issue. The use of fusion cells started off with hesitation and complications initially. However, the use of fusion cells are absolutely critical to the sharing of information between agencies. ââ¬Å"The goal is toRead More Problems, Solutions, and Future of Law Enforcement Intelligence1454 Words à |à 6 Pages PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS, AND FUTURE OF LAW ENFORMCEMENT INTELLIGENCE The use of intelligence within law enforcement intelligence agencies is not always perfect. There may be a way to safeguard against the misuse of intelligence processes to assure proper use it at all times, but it has not yet been discovered. The only way that agencies can try and control the misuse of intelligence is to study the historical failures of the past. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is of most important to protect
Monday, December 23, 2019
Olaudah Equiano s Narrative Of Slavery - 1061 Words
Olaudah Equiano was one of the most famous black men in the history of slavery who was fortunate enough to purchase his own freedom. In addition, Equiano becomes extremely popular by writing his first slave narrative in 1789. In his autobiography named The interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano he emphasized various aspects of slavery throughout the entire book. In the narrative, he establishes his perspective about himself, God and Slavery. He was definably a man of motivation for all other slaves in his lifetime who continue to struggle for his freedom.In The Interesting Narrative, Olaudah Equiano utilizes poetic diction, mood, displeased tone and internal conflict in order to illustrate his perspective as a slave by emphasizing the cruelty as well as the brutality of slavery. In his novel Equiano uses poetic diction to express his thoughts about his own circumstances as a slave. By reading the following quote the reader will get a sense of his feelings being a slave. Where slaves are free, and men oppress no more. Fool that I was, inur d so long to pain, To trust to hope, or dream of joy again [â⬠¦] Thank heaven one day of mis ry was o er, Then sink to sleep, and wish to wake no more ( Ch; 5, Pg: 97-98) In spite of taking all of his wages and assuring freedom Equianoââ¬â¢s master Pascal betrayed him by selling him to someone else. Therefore, Equiano was very disappointed as he had expected to get freedom for so long, but instead he was forced intoShow MoreRelatedOlaudah Equianos Influence1139 Words à |à 5 PagesInfluence and Career of Olaudah Equiano There have been many authors throughout history who have impacted America, amongst them is Olaudah Equiano. Olaudah Equiano, a slave who wrote about his terrible experiences, not only changed America, but changed the world. Equiano s life and career were divided in two parts: his life as a slave and his life as a free man. He battled the slave ships and helped abolish the slave institutions with the power and depth of his writings. Equiano s most powerful pieceRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass And Olaudah Equiano1398 Words à |à 6 PagesDouglass and Olaudah Equiano were two slaves during those times that were forced into the world of slavery. Frederick Douglassââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slaveâ⬠and Olaudah Equianoââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equianoâ⬠are literary pieces that talk about their views, experiences, and ideas in relation to slavery. The narratives of Douglass and Equiano offer true records of life as a slave. In the matter of life revolving around slavery, FrederickRead MoreThe Interesting Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano, By James Sweet And Katrina Thompson901 Words à |à 4 Pagesbook The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano, in which the author recounts his experience as a slave going through the Middle Passage. Other works such as Ring Shout, Wheel About The Racial Politics of Music and Dance in North American Slavery, by Katrina Thompson, and Domingos à lvares, African Healing, and the Intellectual History of the Atlantic World, by James Sweet, can help us garner a deeper insight as to the experiences of Olaudah Equiano by analyzing similarRead MoreSummary : Free Slave Voice 1397 Words à |à 6 Pagesfor we are many and evil is few. (OE) after reading the excerpt of ââ¬Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African,â⬠it was then necessary to read the complete text. Upon completion of the reading, I found that it was somewhat troublesome because there is not a sense of urgency in the tone of his writing to help his fellow Negros out of their enslavement. The narrative does not provoke the reader to become alarmed at the plight of Negro slave but insteadRead MoreA Narrative Of Captivity By Mary Rowlandson Essay962 Words à |à 4 PagesA Narrative of Captivity by Mary Rowlandson and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano are captivity narratives in which the two narrators share their individual stories of being abruptly kidnapped and enslaved. Equiano was an black 11 year old boy who was stolen from his home by African slave traders in 1756. Rowlandson, a 39 year old Puritan woman, was taken in 1675, during King Philipââ¬â ¢s War, after Indians raided her town. Although the two authors are both kidnappedRead MoreSlave Narratives, By Harriet E. Wilson And The Fascinating Narrative Life Of Olaudah Equiano1173 Words à |à 5 Pagesconcerns the period of African American slavery in the United States. Often, the experience of slavery is imagined as always occurring in the same way, with the same experience. However the ââ¬Å"slave narrativeâ⬠as a genre is tremendously diverse, supporting a variety of perspectives and experiences that often have little in common other than the experience of slavery. In fact, even this experience varies greatly from one narrative to another. Two slave narratives which highlight this fact are Our NigRead MoreThe Complex Nature Of Equiano s Identity Crisis1411 Words à |à 6 Pagescrisis Equiano presents himself as an African, who is embattled with a myriad of issues enroute to a foreign land. He starts off as a normal African boy that takes pride in the family unit. His life changes as he is exposed to a life of slavery that makes him wonder just how far he would go to regain his freedom. Equaino is celebrated due to his anti-slave trade achievements, but rather criticized for a lack of authenticity in his plight to free the world of slavery. He begins his narrative with aRead MoreThe Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano1123 Words à |à 5 PagesMatter Where Olaudah Equiano Was Born? The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, by Olaudah Equiano, can be described as one of the most successful literary prose written by an African-American up to the start of the Civil War. Autobiographies were not considered a form genre in the literary field at the time it was published in 1789 and few books that had been produced in America gave such garish, solid and adventurous narratives. Equiano s narrativeRead MoreThe Labor Of Slave Women1512 Words à |à 7 PagesMore Than Chains and Toil is a knowledgeable written work as an explanation of servitude in the experience specifically of African American women. Even though forced grunt work was the bases of slavery, very few have the knowledge of the labor of slave women had to do from the perspective of slave women themselves. The author presents and clarifies the understandings the impact labor-meanings has on women in a moral value perspective. According to Joan Martin, ââ¬Å"moral agencyâ⬠for slaves meant autonomyRead MoreOlaudah Equiano. Olaudah Equiano Who Was Known As Gustavus1129 Words à |à 5 PagesOlaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano who was known as Gustavus Vassa throughout his entire life was an popular African in London, a freed slave who was in support for the British Movement towards bringing to an end then slave trade. His memoirs in his own ââ¬Å"The Interesting Narrative ofthe Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the Africanâ⬠describes a young man captured and enslaved only at the tender age of eleven years. The journey of Equiano from captivity of being a slave to freedom, becoming
Sunday, December 15, 2019
A Prospective Cross Sectional Study Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays
string(172) " will do it easier for radiotherapists to pull off patient test work flow and will assist surgical occupants in the early diagnosing and intervention for injury instances\." The importance in measuring the acceptableness to users of a Picture Archiving and Communication System in the infirmary connotes advancement by supplying quality images with good satisfaction than utilizing movie. In trauma instances, this will give advantage to occupants in the appraisal as early diagnosing is necessary. Besides in the Ob-Gyne section medical clearance affecting chest skiagraphy so that contemplated surgical processs can be done. We will write a custom essay sample on A Prospective Cross Sectional Study Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This statement is still non proven, therefore survey on the impact of PACS on clinician shall function the intent. In our scenes, up until December 2011, determinations at the exigency room that rely on the skiagraphy entailed some waiting clip as what normally happens in film-based skiagraphy. The debut of PACS promises to alter this scenario in favor of quicker image handiness movie developing is omitted in the procedure. Quicker handiness of the radiogram due to the presence of networked computing machine system of sharing the digital images. Aim DATA SUBSTRATES OPERATIONALLY DEFINED VARIABLES Analysis To find the impact of filmless imaging on the frequence with which physicians entree radiology images. Data assemblage sheet Frequency of the entree of doctor to radiology images Quantitative variable like frequence shall be analyzed utilizing mean and standard divergence. To measure clinician perceptual experience of image handiness with the usage of Picture Archiving and Communication System ( PACS ) . Data assemblage sheet Percept of clinician on image handiness Qualitative variable will be analysing utilizing proportion.Relationship of Research Objectives, Data Substrate, Operationally Defined Variables and Data Analy Introduction I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Filmless imagination is a construct which has changed health care. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems ( PACS ) are described as the ââ¬Å" centralised depository for all imagination informations and diagnostic images ( eg, x-rays, CT scans, MRI scans ) and radiology studies electronically to clinicians at the point-of-care, contradicting the demand for a film-base.1 Diagnostic imagination is a cardinal constituent of information impacting the attention a patient receives. Picture Archive and Communication Systems ( PACS ) are comprehensive webs of digital devices designed for acquisition, transmittal, storage, show, and direction of diagnostic imagination surveies. The construct of a digital image communicating and show system was devised in the 1970s, with the initial conference on PACS designs launched in 1982 ( Huang, 1999, 2003 ) . The U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command installed the ià ¬?rst large-scale PACS in the United States called the medical diagnos tic imaging support system in 1992 ( Smith et al. , 1995 ) .2 Over the last 30 old ages PACS been developed for the intent of making more efficient and effectual health care. The construct of PACS was originally developed to better efficiency non merely in the radiology sections but besides in other sections like the exigency room. A figure of surveies have been conducted to find if PACS achieves its ends of bettering efficiency and effectivity within wellness systems. These surveies focus on its impacts on work flow, functions, patient results, and costs, with variable decisions. 3 Digital skiagraphy, this is the first movie free X ray imaging system in Mindanao. DDH ( Davao Doctors Hospital ) upgraded to CR ( Computed Radiography ) and implemented PACS ( Picture Archiving and Communication System ) for all imaging modes ( CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and Radiography ) . In trauma instances, this will give advantage to occupants in the appraisal as early diagnosing is necessary. Besides in the Ob-Gyne section medical clearance affecting chest skiagraphy so that contemplated surgical processs can be done. In this survey, the occupants will give their appraisal on how PACS give impact to their work patterns in the exigency section in bettering clinical decision-making, and easing more efficient patient attention processes. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A Although the construct of image archiving and communications systems ( PACS ) was developed in Europe during the latter portion of the 1970s, no working system was completed at that clip. The first PACS executions took topographic point in the United States in the early 1980s, e.g. at Pennsylvania University, UCLA, and Kansas City University. Some more or less successful PACS developments besides took topographic point in Europe in the 1980s, peculiarly in the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Scandinavia, and Germany.4 PACS was expected to revolutionise and streamline the bringing of health care, helping communicating between radiotherapists and clinicians, bettering clinical decision-making, and easing more efficient patient attention processes. A In the USA 76 % of infirmaries reported utilizing PACS in 2008, A and in England and Scotland a national roll-out of PACS has been completed with the balance of UK infirmaries implementing it by 2012.A With the integrating of PACS into a figure of medical units outside radiology, the exigency section is one clinical country where PACS has the possible to significantly alter work patterns. The exigency section is a ââ¬Ëcomplex ââ¬Ë and ââ¬Ëdata-rich environmentââ¬â¢A where clinicians continuously multi-task and utilize multiple information beginnings in order to supply optimal attention for critically sick patients. Images are built-in to patient attention, A with high volumes of imaging surveies conducted daily.A Rapid entree to these to back up decision-making can be of important importance. With the potency for imaging consequences to impact dramatically on a patient ââ¬Ës attention, the ED provides a good scene to measure how PACS can impact on and take to innovat ion in clinical work practices.5 In 2010, a survey done by I.M. Hains et Al assessed the grounds of PACS impact on ICU clinicians through a systematic literature reappraisal of 11 ( 11 ) English linguistic communication publications in the USA and UK. The survey revealed a positive impact potency for PACS on clinician ICU work patterns and patient attention. The survey besides showed that PACS elicits positive impact potency on efficiency of work patterns, work associated with clinical determination devising and communicating patterns. PACS engineering offers wellness attention providers the possible for long-run cost nest eggs in radiology services by extinguishing the disbursal of movie processing and storage, among other things. Quick image handiness with PACS in SPMC will do it easier for radiotherapists to pull off patient test work flow and will assist surgical occupants in the early diagnosing and intervention for injury instances. You read "A Prospective Cross Sectional Study Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Political action committee in the infirmary connotes advancement by supplying quality images with good satisfaction than utilizing movie. III. RESEARCH Question What is the impact of PACS on surgical occupant ââ¬Ës direction of ER patients? IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Improves more timely patient attention and allowing clinicians to do determinations more rapidly. V. OBJECTIVES To measure the impact of image file awaying and communicating systems ( PACS ) as perceived by the surgical occupants at the exigency section. To find benefits, disadvantages and jobs of PACS as perceived by ER surgical occupants. VI. METHODOLOGY Study Design: Prospective Cross-sectional Survey Puting: The survey shall take topographic point in Southern Philippines Medical Center ââ¬â Emergency Department, Bajada, Davao City, from May-June 2013 Independent variables: Age, sex, section Dependent variables: 1 ) continuance of ER rotary motion ; 2 ) impact of PACS on surgical occupant ââ¬Ës appraisal ; 3 ) surgical occupant ââ¬Ës perceptual experience of image handiness Participants Inclusion Standards: Surgical occupants at ER Department Exclusion Standards: Surgical Residents who refuse to give informed consent. VII. Sampling CRITERIA A convenient sampling of surgical occupants falling under inclusion standards with consent shall be included for research. IX. DATA GATHERING/METHOD: Data will be gathered utilizing a questionnaire adapted from The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital J.R PILLING.6 The questionnaire makes usage of a five-point Likert graduated table to measure surgical occupants ââ¬Ë positions on quality of images. There where besides three unfastened ended inquiries included to arouse responses on occupants perceived advantage, disadvantages and jobs with the usage of PACS. The questionnaire uses a combination of responses to statements and inquiries, graduated from 1 to 6, and some chances for free sentiment. Those who give informed consent will reply the questionnaire for about 5-7 proceedingss. All the information that will be used in this survey will be collected by the research worker, Dr. Leilani Ching. Surgical occupants will be interviewed at their most convenient clip. Ten. SAMPLE SIZE COMPUTATION The survey topics ( aim population ) of this research are all surgical occupants who use PACS in measuring trauma instances in the Emergency Department. Hence, no sample size calculation will be used. Eleven. DATA HANDLING ANALYSIS Data for this survey will be analyzed and gathered utilizing Epi-info version 7. The uninterrupted variables will be summarized utilizing mean and standard divergence while impact and perceptual experience will be summarized utilizing frequence and per centum. Twelve. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Impact- The step of both the tangibleA andA intangibleA effects and influences of the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems upon the surgical occupants utilizing it. Questions that ask about the utility and image quality of PACS ( Question no. 1-6 ) will be analysed to measure impact. 2. Perception- TheA processA by which surgical residentsA perceives and buttockss image and informations handiness when utilizing the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. Questions that ask about participant ââ¬Ës point of views ( Question no. 7-10 ) will be analysed to measure perceptual experience. Thirteen. Ethical Consideration Prior to enlisting in the plan, the consent of the participant must be obtained. Ethical motives Review The advocates of the survey will procure an blessing from the Cluster Ethics Research Committee of The Southern Philippines Medical Center prior to making the research. Informed Consent: Form A written consent is obtained from the possible participants who will be invited to reply the study questionnaire. Informed Consent: Signer The signature of the participant should look in the consent signifier. Informed Consent: Witness No informant will be required in order for the informed consent to be adhering. Informed Consent: Proxy Consent There will be no proxy consent aside from that of the participant will be allowed. Informed Consent: Procedure Prior to subscribing the consent signifier, the possible participants are informed about the survey principle and aims. Informed Consent: Timing and Venue The informed consent will be taken prior to the disposal of the questionnaire. It will be done in Southern Philippines Medical Center after office hours. Disclosure of Study Objectives, Risks, Benefits and Procedures The participants will be informed of the survey aims and what is expected of them. They will besides be told that there are no hazards involved in the survey and that there will be no direct benefits to them as survey participants. Renumeration, Reimbursement and Other Benefits No renumeration or reimbursement will be given to the participants. Confidentiality The research workers will non unwrap the individualities of the participants at any clip. Merely the chief advocate of the survey has the personal information of the participants. Investigator ââ¬Ës Duty It is the research worker ââ¬Ës duty to guarantee the confidentiality of any information obtained during the research. Specimens Managing N/A Voluntariness The participants have the right to decline to take part in the survey. Alternate Options If participants decide non to take part in the survey, their determination will be respected and will non impact their employment or their regular public presentation rating. Privacy Participants will non be contacted by any agencies after they have answered the questionnaire. Information on Study Results The participants will hold entree to their informations. After the information has been analyzed, the overall consequences will besides be made known to the participants. Extent of Use of Study Data At present there are no intended programs to utilize the informations aside from the aims stated in the protocol. Authorship and Contributorship The chief research worker is the chief writer of the survey. Conflicts of Interest The chief research worker and co-author declares no struggle of involvement. Publication The research may be submitted for national and/or international publication. Funding The chief advocate of the survey is utilizing personal financess to carry on the survey. Duplicate Copy of the Informed Consent Form A duplicate transcript of the informed consent signifier will be provided to the participants of the survey. Extra transcripts can be made on petition. Questions and Concerns Sing the Survey The participants will be encouraged by the chief research worker to voice out concerns about their engagement in the survey. Contact Detailss The participants of the survey will be provided with the cellular telephone figure of the chief research worker. The chief research worker is besides available for inquiries, remarks and concerns about the survey. 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Saturday, December 7, 2019
Enterprise Bargaining In The Australian System Of Employment Relations
Question: Discuss about the Enterprise Bargaining In The Australian System Of Employment Relations. Answer: Introduction Enterprise bargaining refers to the negotiation of working condition and wage structure at the individual level of organizations with specific focus in Australia. This essay will deal with the future of enterprise bargaining in the Australian system of employment relations. This process involves negotiation between the employees, employer, stakeholders and their bargaining representatives with the aim of making an enterprise agreement. The employers and employees are legally bound with the implementation of the enterprise bargaining agreement. The trade union is often involved in this process of enterprise bargaining to play the role of employer or employees (Financial Review 2018). The collective agreements of enterprise bargaining is usually applied to the workers of one employer. The system of agreement is not similar to awards, which offer same standards for all workers in the whole industry under a specific category of reward. As per the history of enterprise bargaining, it can be said that the collective agreements benefit the employers by incorporating flexibility in terms of performance. However, collective agreements are beneficial for the workers because they increase the pay and allow additional leave (Amma.org.au 2018). This particular essay on enterprise bargaining will focus on the history of enterprise bargaining in Australia and seek out the reasons behind its introduction. It will also highlight the importance of employment relations in Australia and the current threat faced by it to gather information about the future of this agreement. Discussion Enterprise agreement is a deal made at the enterprise level among the employers, employees and trade union members regarding the norms of employment (Actu.org.au, 2018). This process can involve more than one employer making an agreement with a group of employees. There is minor difference between awards and enterprise bargaining. Awards consider fewer amounts of pay and other benefits within the structure of industry. However, enterprise bargaining include particular arrangement for a specific enterprise. In general, the content of award can be considered as a least standard of enterprise bargaining agreement. The latter one is not permitted to provide anything less than its basic standard as per the national Employment Standards (Financial Review, 2018). There are two dominant stages of enterprise bargaining- the negotiation stage and the stage of contract administration. At the negotiation stage, few proposals are introduced to seek for the possibilities of the acceptance. It provides an opportunity for mutual agreement among the employers and employees after proper reflection and thoughtfulness. It further involves the three steps of preparation, procedure and follow- up action. At the stage of contract administration, the contract is signed by strict adherence from both the parties. The process of contract administration need not be ended with the award of a contract. However, it seeks legit knowledge and advice. The elements of contract administration include scheduled delivery, supervision of staffing, workplace safety rules, security clearance, site conditions and others. According to International Labor Organization, enterprise or collective bargaining is a negotiation about working conditions and means of employment between an employer and a group of employees with a perspective of defining industrial relations with one another (Bray and Rasmussen 2018). Economic and political provisions are the two issues that play major role in collective or enterprise bargaining. Hicks Bargaining Model can be referred to in association with enterprise bargaining. This particular model stresses on the length and cost of work strike. He suggested that trade union and the negotiators of management need to create stability between the costs and benefits of a work strike while negotiating. The prime focus of this theory was on the functional association of wage acceptance by one party and the extent of strike that will be followed to settle on that wage. This bargaining model of Hicks was contradictory to the Bargaining range theory because the former one focuses on a fixed wage settlement unlike the latter one. Bargaining range theory of A. C. Pigou described the process of wage settlement between the labors and the employers with a final settlement. As per this theory, the fixed settlement point of wage will depend on the negotiation or bargaining skills and the potential of the management negotiators. Enterprise bargaining was first introduced in Australia as per the Prices and Income accord in 1991. It was later on revised in the year 1993 and became the major part of industrial relations system in Australia. The trade union act was passed during the 19th century, which permitted the workers to negotiate with the employers for their wages and working conditions by forming a group. The era of 1860s and 70s when trade unions began initiating in the Australian working environment which faced success in terms of negotiating specifically, during labor scarcity, or gold rush (Amma.org.au 2018). The success of the enterprise bargaining act was first experienced by the stonemasons in Melbourne who won their demand for an eight hour shift. The severe depression of the 1890s let the employers take back the benefits of the trade union members which they have earned in the last 30 years. From the time of the Melbourne maritime dispute in 1890 let the employers of Australia put on a series of attacks on the trade union members. Membership was demolished and the union hardly got any favorable factors to negotiate with the employers (Financial Review, 2018). At the same time, several colonial ministers, especially Charles Kingston who was a South Australian premiere started looking for the mandatory negotiation and reunion. The idea behind this was that if the employers were unwilling to negotiate with the trade union members then as per the law, they would be able to avail an independent tribunal. If the supervisors and the sub- ordinates still failed to complete the negotiation process on a mutual outcome then the tribunal had the right to impose a mutual settlement. The colonial legislation was first used as a model for the first federal act, the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904 which designed the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration. In this way, the Parliament got the power to make regulations only for prevention and settlement of the industrial disputes that was spread to more than one state. The Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904 was followed by another case that resulted in the generation of Australias first minimum wage (Amma.org.au 2018). It was known as the Harvester case where Justice HB Higgins set the wages required for an unskilled laborer to support himself along with his family in economical comfort. In the year 1907, the wage was specified at 7 shillings per day or 42 shillings per week. It was regarded as a unique concept in terms of enterprise bargaining as it changed the notion of basic wage. The concept of enterprise bargaining from 1993 provided underpinning as a safety requirement. In order to be approved by the Industrial Tribunal, the EBA required reflecting that it did not prove to be a failure for the employees with respect to the award offering. Initially the award system was represented as the referral point for the certified agreements. The approval of the agreement came to be known as the no disadvantage test (Financial Review, 2018). The norm of enterprise bargaining was introduced to settle workplace disputes between employers, employees and the trade union members. The Australian Industrial Relations Commission was allowed to get involved only with the disputes which could not be resolved in other way. It was considered as the fundamental mechanism which determines the working condition and wages of the workers. There are different types of jobs in Australia which falls under the category of Industry Award. This specific award describes the minimum requirements of the employees in a specific industry. Low wage, yearly leave, strategies to resolve workplace disputes and sick leave fell under this industrial award category. An enterprise bargaining agreement is same as the industrial award only with a bit of difference (Fair Work Commission, 2018). For instance, weekend penalty rates or meal allowances fell under the category of enterprise bargaining. The employees were benefitted from this agreement in comparison to award and therefore, it was introduced. It needed to pass the better- off- overall test in order to get approved by the international tribunal. Fair Work Commissioner conducts this test to calculate if this particular agreement is better than the prevailing award system in the industry (Bca.com.au, 2018). For instance, EBA might not provide meal or other allowance but it paid the workers higher wage overall. Under a specific award category a worker might get a minimum wage of $17.35 in an hour along with a 25% penalty rate for working on Saturday. Therefore his total wage for an hour on Saturday will be $21.69. On the other hand, an enterprise bargaining agreement might not have a fixed rate of penalty for the workers on Saturday but their overall wage begins from $22.50 an hour. Therefore the introduction of this agreement provided better wage to the workers in comparison to the award system. It can be obvious that the worker is getting better paid even without the imposing of penalty rate. This is the basic cause of preference of EBA to industry award. The workers will also be interested in seeking this privilege than the prevailing system. The enterprise bargaining holds a significant impact on the employment relations of Australia. It became an integral part since the time of industrial revolution (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). Under this agreement, if an employer tries to take control of the bargaining process then it provides additional benefits to the employees by simultaneously providing, flexibility and innovation at the workplace. It is important in the industrial relations of Australia because an EBA ensure compliance to enhance productivity and reduce the cost of administrative operation. It is important to be included in any kind of business to meet the requirements of not only the employees but also the employers. It paves the way for a long- term benefit of the enterprise and offers reward to everyone associated with it. There are other important factors associates with enterprise bargaining in Australian industrial relations. It decreases costs, makes the compliance better and helps the employees to attain the workplace rights that they deserve. It is effective in maintaining harmony at the workplace. Opportunity is provided for more flexible working hours and schedule for achieving proper operational requirements of the organization. Talent retention is improved with the effective use of enterprise bargaining agreement due to the ability of direct sourcing in accordance to the target employees (Shaw, McPhail and Ressia 2018). The industrial relations get improved due to wider job categories and job role that can fit the proper business performance. EBA permits the employers and employees to achieve beneficial gains such as enhanced productivity and waste reduction. The importance is also found out in the form of efficient service delivery to provide superior customer service. It is also helpful in enhancing the procedures for dealing with the employee grievance or discussing about workplace issues. With the increasing diversity in the working environment of Australia there is a tendency that the employees will move towards different varieties of job and the EBA will help them in operating under different award categories. It offers an opportunity to the organization to set up own structure instead of restricting employees to a fixed work structure or a fixed award coverage. It helps in making the compliance procedure easy (Pekarek et al. 2017). It was observed that most of the workplace disputes emerged from low wage and due to indefinite award structure. It often becomes tough for the employees and the employers to co-ordinate between the general award category and the few roles carried out in the business environment. Therefore, enterprise bargaining agreement played an important role in this respect of resolving workplace hurdle. The employee experience has focused on the value added to the workplace culture due to the introduction of the agreement and the negotiation proces s. At present, the situation of enterprise bargaining is not anything noteworthy. There are only few sectors which have still clung to the enterprise bargaining agreement, such as construction and the public sector. It is seen that there is a huge decline in the new agreements and the workforce covered under those are also falling. Again, there are some companies whose enterprise agreement was seized by the Fair Work Commission which posed threat to the union officials and ACTU (Australian Council of Trade Unions). The scenario of enterprise is changing in the recent days due to the increasing population of the employees who were covered under the award category. Within a gap of 6 years there was an increase of employees covered under the award category from 15% to 24% (Bca.com.au, 2018). It was a remarkable amendment when the initial assumption was focused on the irrelevance of award system. The Fair Work Act as intended at the attainment of productivity and fairness in work by stressing on the industrial bargaining. However, the decreasing popularity of the enterprise bargaining agreement was explained with the instance of Coles supermarket in Australia. It was noted that the better off overall test was a precondition for the inappropriate certification of the agreement in the case of Coles. A lot of Coles employees were paid a lower wage by putting the virtue of loss of award penalty rates transparent (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). The system of enterprise bargaining was put at stake when the companies did an agreement to make significant decrease in the wage of the employees. The workers realized that there was no option for superannuation along with other conditions in the industry. The trade union agreed to limit such an agreement only to certain companies instead of opening it to all the competitors. The workers understood that they were not being treated properly when the union should have taken care of their best possible interests. The system of collective bargaining became an integral part of industrial relations in Australia. However, due to current financial crisis, it is being targeted by domestic and foreign authorities for obstructing flexibility in the labor market. The crisis has come brought in a complex situation in the emergence of collective bargaining in the organization (Pekarek et al. 2017). The issue was divided into the two categories between employers and the employees on one hand, and the trade union and the employers on the other. The flexibility of collective bargaining as an integral part of industrial relations depended on the feature of more of employer organization and less of union organization to ensure higher workforce coverage. The future of enterprise bargaining in Australia can be considered bleak because of the varied reactions of the employers to the recent change in trends. The modification in the employment relations is central to the economic and political debate in Australia from the last 20 years. There are certain employers who have tried to develop non- union agreements against a strong opponent of the current workforce whereas others have tried the cooperative ways to bring the change. These variations among the functions of the employers will create a disruption in the future of Australian working environment which will give rise to organizational disputes (Actu.org.au, 2018). Change and innovation in the collective bargaining of workplace can be considered as dependent on two different dimensions- individualism to collectivism and high trust or commitment to low commitment or trust. In the future of working environment in Australia, the changes can be considered to integrate collective arrangements. Most of the growth and development in the employment relations has been considered as casual and the employees do not get the accessibility to protection of full- time standard payment. In the long run, the employee security rights will not be applicable to the casual employees and thus they will not get the benefits (Wright 2017). The enterprise bargaining in Australia could not bridge the gap of industrial democracy created due to the decline of union movement. In Australia, the growth in casual jobs outruns the development of fixed jobs by a minor range. It might result in restricting the workers to join a trade union or indulge in the process of enterprise bargaining. However, it can be contradicted that union movement is not as bad as it might sound. As long as there is no work scarcity, the future of workers and unions rights is bright. The future of this system in Australia might vary to a great extent from the current scenario of industrial relations (Financial Review, 2018). For the future of Australia, a work council model can be proposed where the employers and the employees negotiate and correlate labor and business relations within the organization. There is a doubt about the effectiveness of this specific model for the future of industrial relations in Australia. This is because in the past 20 years it was reflected that employers and the government have strongly tipped the balance of work structure towards the employers (Shaw, McPhail and Ressia 2018). Conclusion It can be concluded from this essay that enterprise bargaining plays an important role in the industrial relations of Australia. The history of this agreement was reviewed to find put a comparison between the existing awards system and the recent agreement. The agreement varied among the trade union members, employers and the employees. The entire discussion about the union strategies in Australia and the union movement has focused on the organization of trade union structure in the organization. The history and the current trends o enterprise bargaining have also considered the threats faced by it due to financial crisis and increase in workforce population. The future of this agreement is still under question due to the issues faced by it and the low rate of awareness. It was overviewed that the trend is on the verge of losing its popularity. Therefore it is dubious if the future employees or employers can connect to each other with a single thread. References Actu.org.au. (2018).Australian Council of Trade Unions ACTU. [online] Available at: https://www.actu.org.au/ [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Actu.org.au. (2018).Sally McManus Speech to AIRAANZ February 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.actu.org.au/actu-media/speeches-and-opinion/sally-mcmanus-speech-to-airaanz-february-2018 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Amma.org.au. (2018).Enterprise bargaining looks irrelevant. [online] Available at: https://www.amma.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/enterprise-bargaining-looks-irrelevant-AFR.pdf [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Bca.com.au. (2018).The Business Council of Australia researches and promotes economic growth policies for the benefit of the nation and all Australians.. [online] Available at: https://www.bca.com.au/ [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Bca.com.au. (2018).The current state of enterprise bargaining typifies the cracks appearing in our workplace relations system a system that is becoming increasingly adversarial and regulated, and ultimately disempowering workers and employers, writes Jennifer Westacott.. [online] Available at: https://www.bca.com.au/media/enterprise-bargaining-on-the-brink-of-failure [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018]. Bray, M. and Rasmussen, E., 2018. Developments in comparative employment relations in Australia and New Zealand: reflections on Accord and Discord.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, pp.1-17. Fair Work Commission. (2018).Fair Work Commission | Australia's national workplace relations tribunal. [online] Available at: https://www.fwc.gov.au/ [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Financial Review. (2018).Business has reason for losing faith in the bargaining system, Bill. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/business-has-reason-for-losing-faith-in-the-bargaining-system-bill-20180131-h0r5q9 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Financial Review. (2018).EBAs are slowly becoming a productivity roadblock. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/ebas-are-slowly-becoming-a-productivity-roadblock-20170213-gubfnn [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Financial Review. (2018).Enterprise bargaining on brink of failure. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/enterprise-bargaining-on-brink-of-failure-20170201-gu37e4 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Financial Review. (2018).Why enterprise bargaining is on life support. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/bill-shorten-is-right-and-wrong-on-the-death-of-enterprise-bargaining-20180130-h0qps7 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. Pekarek, A., Landau, I., Gahan, P., Forsyth, A. and Howe, J., 2017. Old game, new rules? The dynamics of enterprise bargaining under the Fair Work Act.Journal of Industrial Relations,59(1), pp.44-64. Shaw, A., McPhail, R. and Ressia, S., 2018.Employment Relations. Cengage AU. Townsend, K., Wilkinson, A. and Burgess, J., 2013. Is enterprise bargaining still a better way of working?.Journal of Industrial Relations,55(1), pp.100-117. Wright, C.F., 2017. Australian industrial relations in 2016.Journal of Industrial Relations,59(3), pp.237-253.
Friday, November 29, 2019
My Living Room free essay sample
Affected by my mother hobby, I bought two small artificial flower bases to decorate for my room in Canada. Actually, before going to school I see them and feel very active to start with a new day. The living room is designed by my mother with a very big and warm sofa and a sofa table. There are six tea cups and a tea pot above the sofa table also. The whole tea pot is very beautiful and always used to welcome the guests who visit our home. My father has a collection of wines and he puts all kinds of wines to the sideboard. Furthermore, in the evening the lights will be turned on to make the sideboard shine sparklingly. They are very valuable to my father so my brother, sister and I hardly stand near that sideboard. Because we are afraid of broking them and sure we will be punished. We will write a custom essay sample on My Living Room or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When shopping in Superstore, I usually notice some kinds of wine which my father likes. I attend to buy some wine bottles for my father when I come back home to visit. Our family can enjoy singing karaoke or watching movies together with all modern facilities such as the amply, the big TV and the DVD player facilitated by my father. Last week, when I joined to a friendââ¬â¢s party, there was a big TV and we watched an action movie together. That reminded me to my familiar living room. And the best thing I like in the living room is my piano which always makes me feel relax when I have a pressure in life. I have played the piano since I was fifteen years old. While I am playing the piano, I feel happy so much and seem like all the stressful things are getting out of my head. So that sometimes I feel stressful I will play the piano. Here I donââ¬â¢t have the piano to play so I choose some classic songs played by piano to listen for entertainment. Besides, the whole living room is full of the painting oil pictures were painted by my sister. She enjoys painting so much and her pictures are wonderful. Before I come here, she gave me her favorite picture in order to hang in my room and I really appreciated her action. There is also a bookshelf with a lots of books and some of my passion books: Harry potter, Chicken soupâ⬠¦ My family member often spend spare times reading book here. Now I still keep the habit to read books before I go to sleep. I really miss my living room in my hometown and in the future if I can hire the house with a living room here I will decorate it the same with my hometown living room.
Monday, November 25, 2019
HOW TOOLS TRANSFORMED PROTOHUMANS essays
HOW TOOLS TRANSFORMED PROTOHUMANS essays According to archeological and physical record, tool use has had an enormous effect in the transformation of proto humans into modern humans. What stimulated tool use was the proto humans intrest in new and easier ways to do things. With the introduction of tools, body morphology changed and reproductive fitness increased. Evolution did not happened over night. It took 4.5 million years for humans to get where they are today. Scientists have concluded that about 3.5 million years ago, there was the first proto human. A proto human resembles extinct hominid populations that had some but not all the features of a modern homo sapien. Such features were prolonged moments of bipedality, change in the pelvis and the reduction of the sagittal crest. (Diamond 1992 pg 34) In order for this proto human to evolve into a human, it needed tools. Some of the tools might have been discovered by accident or by early creative geniuses? The way they discovered the tools is unknown, but the changes the tools made were to the physical morphology and the body behavior. They began to walk upright, gathered supplies, cut food, and used weapons.(Diamond 1992 pg. 40) About 3 million years ago, after generations of learning how to use these tools, the hominid came out of the trees, and stayed mostly on the ground. The animal had an abundance of food and water and lived in a population of; on the ground proto-human animals. Some adapted to ground life and started to become bipedal, but more than half of them stayed on all fours. The bipedal hominids vision increased, making it able to see and do more. It obtained the ability to use weapons more effectively and efficiently because it had arms with agility. It found all the good meat and valued resources then eventually took over the whole community. Soon after the bipedal creatures gained control t ...
Friday, November 22, 2019
Strategic plan for LEGO Group Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Strategic plan for LEGO Group Company - Essay Example The company was started in the founderââ¬â¢s workshop where Ole Kirk Christiansen created toys made of wood in 1932, but the first famous plastic brick was developed in 1949. The name of the company was developed by Christiansen from a Danish term meaning ââ¬Å"play wellâ⬠, however, the company states that LEGO means ââ¬Å"putting togetherâ⬠or ââ¬Å"assemblingâ⬠in Latin, but this translation is liberal. In 1947, the company obtained samples of interconnecting bricks manufactured by Kiddicraft through the manufacturer of injection molding equipment based in London that had an interest in the development of equipment sales in Denmark. Initially, Christiansen was skeptical but Kiddicraft convinced him to make the plastic bricks instead of the wooden toys he had been making. In 1949, the LEGO Group started making bricks that were similar to the manufactured by Kiddicraft while referring to them as ââ¬Å"Automatic Binding Bricksâ⬠, using cellulose acetate whil e being developed in the same spirit of the wooden blocks which could be stacked on each other.Nonetheless, the plastic bricks have the ability to be interlocked with each other as they contain a number of round studs on the upper side and a hollow bottom that is rectangular. These blocks were able to stick to each other but not too tightly to make it difficult to be pulled apart. Using plastics to develop toys was not highly favored by retailers as well as consumers at the time when LEGO Group began manufacturing its toys.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2
Human Rights - Essay Example (Fenwick, H.; ââ¬Å"Civil Liberties and Human Rightsâ⬠; 2007). The answer lies in the fact that Section 3 of the Human Rights Act, as also many other sections, hedges its bets by saying that, ââ¬Å"so far as it is possible to do soâ⬠, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Conventionââ¬â¢s rights. For instance, Section 12 of the Human Rights Act emphasises the role of courts in defending the right to freedom of expression, and states that this Section applies if a court is considering ââ¬Å"whether to grant any relief which, if granted, might affect exercise of the Convention right to freedom of expressionâ⬠. (Coppel, J; ââ¬Å"Human Rights Act 1998: Enforcing the European Convention on Human Rights in Domestic Courtsâ⬠; 1999) Moreover, it is considered unlawful for a court to act in a manner contrary to a Convention right ââ¬Å"unless obliged to act in such a way by a provision of primary legislationâ⬠. (www.highbeam.com/doc/IP3-77629772.html). (www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts 1998/ukpga/19980042_en_1) Incidentally, discretionary increase in police powers has landed the UK Government at least once in the soup. Article 15 of the Convention states in Para 1 that ââ¬Å"in times of war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation, any contracting party may take measures derogating from its obligations under the Convention to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with its other obligations under international lawâ⬠. However, in the case of Brogan and others v United Kingdom (1988; II EHRR 117) four persons were arrested on the suspicion that they were provisional members of the IRA, and detained under Section 12 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1984.They were released after four-to-six days. They claimed that Britain had violated several parts of the Article 5 of the
Monday, November 18, 2019
Legal Aspects of Contract Adminitration (LAW) Coursework
Legal Aspects of Contract Adminitration (LAW) - Coursework Example The contract becomes valid only if it fulfilled all the legal requirements. Contract is the agreement enforceable by law so that agreement may be either for tender or for acceptance. The offer become valid only if it meets the entire requirement specified in the contract law in Australia. Those are as follows, There are normally six important ingredients essential for lawfully connecting the contract development. That are (1) agreement it consists of offer and acceptances made by the parties to the contract, (2) Offer must be made for the Consideration either in terms of money, property etc., (3) ability to enter lawful relationship between the parties to the contract it means the party to the contract must possess sound mind as well as majority of age, (4) Intention by the groups to enter into lawful affiliations, (5) must fulfill the requirement of the valid contract and (6) certainty. Contract may sometimes also turn into illegal contract if it fails to fulfill the requirements. The Australian lawful scheme is based on a basic faith in the rule ofà law, fairness and the autonomy of the judiciary. An offer may be broken by revocation, rejection or drop. An acceptance is, usually conversation; a whole and ineffectual assent to the complete the circumstances that include an offer. Inten tions must be understandable and extremely a great deal evident previous to creation whichever contract. In this particular case Mr. A who thinks that he had concluded an agreement through Mr. B to buy a one third interest in D pvt. Limited from Mr. But at the same time Mr. B sold the same to Mr. C. On the other hand Mr. A notifies that he thinks an agreement among Mr. A and Mr. B to but the interest had previously been arrived at as the effect of two or three emails exchanged through Mr. B. In The first mail itself Mr. A sent Mr B a draft contract prepared through the lawyer on with no prejudice base. Second mail was sent by the Mr. B to Mr. A. In this
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Chemical Equilibrium And Ph Biology Essay
Chemical Equilibrium And Ph Biology Essay In a chemical process, chemical is a state in which cocentration of reactants and the concentration of products does not change overtime i.e when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as backward reaction and it exists in dynamic equilibrium. The laws of chemical equilibrium define the direction in which a chemical reaction will proceed, as well as the quantities of reactants and products that will remain after the reaction comes to an end. An understanding of chemical equilibrium and how it can manipulated is essential for anyone involved in Chemistry and its applications. The fundamental equation provides the basis for understanding chemical equilibrium. pH is Quantitative measure of stength of acidity and alkalinity of solution. When the concentration of H+ and OH- ions in aqueous solution are frequently very small numbers and there fore inconvenient to work with, Soren Sorensen in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. It is defined as the negative of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH= -log[H+]. Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe a chemical property chemicals. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. HISTORY:- The concept of chemical equilibrium develop after Berthoket (1803) found that some chemical are reversible. For any reaction to be equilibrium, rate of forward reaction is equal rate of backward reaction, so at equilibrium nearly all the reactant are used up for to left it hardly any product formed from reactant. In 1864 Guldberg and waage showed experimentally that in chemical reactions an equillibrium is reached that can be approached from either direction. They were apparently the first to realize that there is a mathematical relation between the concentration of reactants and products at equillibrium. In 1877 van`t hoff suggested that in the equillibrium expressions the concentrationof each reactant should appear to the first power, corresponding with the stochiometric numbers in the balanced chemical equation. The concept of p[H] was first introduced by Soren Peder Lauritz Sorensen at the carlsberg laboratory in 1909 and revised to the modern pH in 1924 after it became apparent that electromotive force in cells depended on activity rather than concentration of hydrogen ions. TYPES OF EQUILLIBRIUM:- Physical equillibrium:- Equillibrium between two phases of the same substance is called Physical equillibrium because the changes that occur are physical processes. e.g; The vaporization of water in a closed container at a given temperature is an example of physical equilibrium. In this instance the number of H2O molecules leaving and the number of returning to the liquid phase are equal. H2O(l) = H2O(g) The study of physical equilibrium Yields useful information such as the equilibrium vapour pressure. If a reaction is:- aA + bB = cC + dD where a, b, c and d are the stoichiometric coefficients for the reacting species A, B, C , and D. For the reaction at a particular temperature K = (C)C (D)d (A)a (B)b where K is the equilibrium constant. This equation was formulated by cato Guldberg and Petr Wage in 1864. It is the mathematical expressions of their law of mass of action, which holds that for a reversible reaction at equilibrium and a constant temperature, a certain ratio of reactant and product concentration has a constant value K. and the equilibrium constant does depend on the volume, concentration, catalyst, pressure e.t.c. It only depends upon temperature. The equilibrium constant ,then, is defined by a quotient, the numerator of which is obtained by multiplying together the equilibrium concentration of the products, each raised to a power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced equation denoted by Q. If Q If Q > K then reaction takes backward reaction. If Q = K then reaction is at equilibrium state. The magnitude of equilibrium constant tells whether the reaction favors the products or reactant. If K >> 1 , the equilibrium will lie to the right and favours the products. If K Homogeneous equillibrium:- The term homogeneous equilibrium applies to reactions in which all reacting species are in the same phase. E.g; An example of homogenous gas phase equilibrium is the dissociation of N2O4. N2O4 (g) = N2O4 (g) aA(g) = bB(g) then, Kc = (B)b/(A)a the concentrations of reactants and the products in gaseous reaction can also be expressed in terms of their partial pressures. At constant temperature the pressure P of gas is directly related to the concentrations in mol/ L of the gas. i.e; P =(n/V)RT. And the expressions can be given by Kp = PbB/PaA where Pa and P b are the partial pressure of A and B. After substiuting these relations in to the expressions, we get [Kp=Kc(RT)b-a] If b-a is equal to zero, then reaction is at equilibrium. If b-a > 0 , then backward reaction is favourable. If b-a Heterogeneous equilibrium:- A heterogeneous equilibrium results from a reversible reaction and products that are in different phases. e.g; when calcium carbonate is heated in a closed vessel, the following equilibrium is attained. CaCO3(S = CaO(S) + CO2 If a reaction aA(S) + bB(s) = cC(s) + dD(g), the concentration of a solid , like it`s density , is an intensive property and does not depend on how much of the substance is present. In thermodynamics , the activity of pure solid us 1. Thus yhe concentration terms for A,B and C are unity. So, Kc = [D]d Similarly , the activity of a pure liquid is also 1. Thus if a reactant or a product is a liquid, we can`t omit in the equilibrium constant expressions. Also we can express the equilibrium constant as Kp = P(D)d . Factor Affecting Equilibrium:- Chemical equilibrium represents a balance between forward and reverse reactions. In most cases, this balance is quit delicate. Change in experimental condition may disturb the balance and shift the equilibrium position so that variable can be controlled experimentally are concentration, pressure, volume and temperature. Effect of change of temperature:- A change in concentration, pressure, or volume may alter the equilibrium position , that is, the relative amounts of reactants and products but it dose not change the value of equilibrium constant .Only a change in temperature can alter the equilibrium constant. At equilibrium at a certain temperature, the heat effect is zero because there is no net reaction .If we treat heat as though it were a chemical reagent, than a rise in temperature adds heat to the system and a drop in a temperature removes heat from the system .As with a change in any other parameter ,(concentration, pressure, or volume), the system shift to reduce the effect of the change. Therefore, a temperature increase favours the endothermic direction (from left to right of the equilibrium equation ) and a temperature decrease favours the exothermic direction. In summary, a temperature increase favours an exothermic direction and a temperature decrease favours the exothermic reaction. The effect of changing temperature on an equilibrium constant is given by the van t Hoff equation d ln K/ d T = H/RT2 Thus, for exothermic reactions, (ÃŽâ⬠H is negative) K decreases with an increase in temperature, but, for endothermic reactions, (ÃŽâ⬠H is positive) K increases with an increase temperature. An alternative formulation is d ln K/ d(1/T) = H/R At first sight this appears to offer a means of obtaining the standard molar enthalpy of the reaction by studying the variation of K with temperature. Effect of change of pressure and volume:- Change in pressure ordinarily do not effect the concentration of the reacting species in condensed phases(say, in an aqueous solution) because liquids and solids are virtually in compressible. On the other hand, concentration of gases are greatly affected by change in pressure. The greater the pressure, the smaller the volume, and vice versa. Note, too, that the term (n/V) is the concentration of the gas in mol/L, and it varies directly with pressure. In general an increase in pressure (decrease in volume) favours the net reaction that decreases the total numbers of moles of gases (the reverse reaction, in this case), and a decrease in pressure (increase in volume) favours the net reaction that increases the total numbers of moles of gases(here the forward reaction).For reaction in which there is no change in the numbers of moles of gases, a pressure (or volume)change has no effect on the position of equilibrium. Effect of catalyst at equilibrium :- Catalyst does not affect the the equilibrium constant. And it can not shift the equilibrium positon. Catalyst only enhance the rate of reaction to reach the equilibrium position. Effect of concentration of reactant:- Effect of concentration change the position of equilibrium. If we increase the concentration of the products shifts the equilibrium to left, and decreasing the concentration of the product shifts the equilibrium to right. These results are just predicted by Le Chatelier principle. Le chatelier principle:- If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially off set as the system reaches a new equilibrium position. pH -A MEASURE OF ACIDITY. Because the concentrations of H+ and OH- in aqueous solution are frequently very small numbers and therefore inconvenient to work with, Soren Sorensen in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in (mol/L): pH = -log [H3O+] or pH = -log [H+] The negative logarithm gives us a positive number for Ph, which otherwise would be negative due to small value of [H+]. Furthermore the term [H+] permits only to the numerical part of the expression for hydrogen ion concentration, for we cant take the logarithm of units. Thus, like the equilibrium constant, the pH of a solution is a dimensionless quantity. Acidic solutions: pH is less than 7.00. Basic solutions: pH is more than 7.00. Neutral solutions: pH is equal to 7.00. Notice that pH increases as [H+] decreases. For real solutions, activity usually differs from concentrations, sometimes appreciably. Knowing the solute concentration, there are reliable ways based on thermodynamics for estimating its activity, but the details are beyond the scope of text. Keep in mind, therefore, that the measured pH of a solution is usually mot same as that , because the concentration of the H+ ion in molarity is not numerically equal to its activity value. Although we will continue to use concentration in our discussion, it is important to know that this approach will give us only an approximation Of the chemical process that actually take place in solution phase. In the laboratory, pH of a solution is measured with a pH meter. List of some pH of a number of common fluid, the pH of a body fluid varies greatly, depending on location and function. The low pH (high acidity) of gastric juices facilitates digestion whereas a higher pH of blood is necessary for transport of oxygen. APPLICATION OF pH:- A pH indicator is substances that change colour around a particular pH. It is weak acid or weak base and the colour changes occur around 1pH unit either side of its acid dissociatian constant. For.ex. Naturaly occuring indicator litmus is red in acid solution and blue in alkaline solution. REFRENCES:- P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, third edition, Oxford University Press, 1985. F.van Zeggeren and S.N Steery,the computation of chemical equilibrium,1920. W.R.Smith and R.W.Mission,chemical equilibrium Analysis. RAYMOND CHANG, Williams college.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Comparing Relationships Between Gods and Men in Prometheus Bound and Job :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays
The Relationships Between Gods and Men in Prometheus Bound and Job à à à à The question of why bad things happen to good people has perplexed and angered humans throughout history. The most common remedy to ease the confusion is to discover the inflicter of the undeserved suffering and direct the anger at them: the horror felt about the Holocaust can be re-directed in the short term by transforming Adolf Hitler into Lucifer and vilifying him, and, in the long term, can be used as a healing device when it is turned into education to assure that such an atrocity is never repeated. What, however, can be done with the distasteful emotions felt about the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Surely the citizens of those two cities did not themselves directly provoke the government of the United States to deserve the horror of a nuclear attack. Can it be doubted that their sufferings were undeserved and should cause deep sorrow, regret, and anger? Yet for the citizens of the United States to confront these emotions they must also confront t he failings of their own government. A similar problem is found in two works of literature, Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound and the book of Job found in the Tanakh. In each of these works a good man is seen to be suffering at the hand of his god; Prometheus is chained to a rock by Zeus who then sends an eagle to daily eat Prometheus' liver while Job is made destitute and brought to endure physical pain through an agreement between God~ and Satan. To examine the travails of these two men is to discover two vastly different concepts of the relationship between god and man. à The first question which must be addressed is, "Why have these men been made to suffer?" To simply say that Zeus or God is displeased is not enough, and to say that Prometheus and Job have sinned is confusing. Most Western readers approach these works with a pre-conceived notion of sin which has been born out of the Judeo-Christian theological tradition a tradition which dictates that there are specific moral rules which must be followed, and to transgress them is to sin. While this interpretation of sin may be functional for a reading of Job, it is useless for understanding Prometheus Bound. Comparing Relationships Between Gods and Men in Prometheus Bound and Job :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays The Relationships Between Gods and Men in Prometheus Bound and Job à à à à The question of why bad things happen to good people has perplexed and angered humans throughout history. The most common remedy to ease the confusion is to discover the inflicter of the undeserved suffering and direct the anger at them: the horror felt about the Holocaust can be re-directed in the short term by transforming Adolf Hitler into Lucifer and vilifying him, and, in the long term, can be used as a healing device when it is turned into education to assure that such an atrocity is never repeated. What, however, can be done with the distasteful emotions felt about the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Surely the citizens of those two cities did not themselves directly provoke the government of the United States to deserve the horror of a nuclear attack. Can it be doubted that their sufferings were undeserved and should cause deep sorrow, regret, and anger? Yet for the citizens of the United States to confront these emotions they must also confront t he failings of their own government. A similar problem is found in two works of literature, Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound and the book of Job found in the Tanakh. In each of these works a good man is seen to be suffering at the hand of his god; Prometheus is chained to a rock by Zeus who then sends an eagle to daily eat Prometheus' liver while Job is made destitute and brought to endure physical pain through an agreement between God~ and Satan. To examine the travails of these two men is to discover two vastly different concepts of the relationship between god and man. à The first question which must be addressed is, "Why have these men been made to suffer?" To simply say that Zeus or God is displeased is not enough, and to say that Prometheus and Job have sinned is confusing. Most Western readers approach these works with a pre-conceived notion of sin which has been born out of the Judeo-Christian theological tradition a tradition which dictates that there are specific moral rules which must be followed, and to transgress them is to sin. While this interpretation of sin may be functional for a reading of Job, it is useless for understanding Prometheus Bound.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Countrys I Will Visit
Someone ones told me if I planned to travel and I answered him ââ¬Å"noâ⬠. So he just told me this ââ¬Å"The world is a book and those who do not travel read only a pageâ⬠(Mr. Sadeiki 9th grade). It kept me thinking and well I decided to travel. I believe traveling will make me a better person and give me different perspectives of people around the world. I made my bucket list and the three countries I would love to visit the most would be Mexico, The Bahamas, and Brazil. Letââ¬â¢s move on to why Mexico is my one of my chose in visiting. Mexico was the place where I was born and I only got to live there for three years.I have always wanted to go back but just to go visit. I want to visit it because most of my family lives there and I would like to meet them. Iââ¬â¢ve heard and done some research on some of the beaches that Mexico has. They look very nice and clean somewhere that someone would like to go visit a lot, but not just its beaches but also the nice histor y that it has. Like the pyramids of the Aztecs and the courts of a sport they played called Ullamaliztli. After visiting Mexico I would love to go and visit the Bahamas. Imagine a world where you canââ¬â¢t tell where dreams begin and reality ends.These are The Islands of the Bahamas. And they're like no other places on Earth (www. bahamas. com pg1). The Bahamas are unique because they have super clear water that you could see your feet as if you are in a pool. There so clear that you could see 200ft down with no problem. The Bahamas have a lot of islands and beautiful sights especially the beaches. The people always have a lay back attitude (like leave the problems for tomorrow). They are very friendly and like to celebrate a lot. They also have a history and a lot of historical places that make it look like a paradise like its treasures.Talking about paradise, Brazil is the main place I would like to travel too. Brazil is a country of great natural beauty. Dazzling beaches and r ainforests are a few of the superlative attractions that await visitors. Brazil is also home to a people of great ethnic and cultural diversity, whose heritage is expressed in vibrant art and celebrations, historical cities and bustling urban centers. Here are some of the main reasons why I would like to travel to Brazil. Brazil has 62 national parks were you are able to see its amazing landscapes and ecosystem. I will visit all 62 parks.The amazing thing that Brazil has is its celebrations and events they have threw out the year. They bring lots of joy into life and color. Its history also attracts me a lot because it has temples and lots of other things. It will bring joy to me and make me a better person. Traveling to these countries will be a lot of fun. Thatââ¬â¢s why I will go and visit these places with the one I love or with a friend. If not I will travel them alone because it will probably be even more fun than with someone. I will get started by getting my passport and save some money.I hope to do this traveling by when I turn 25 years old. Let me leave you with this final thought what would you do read more pages or just read the first one? I hope you choose to travel like I am. Three Countries I will Visit (outline) * Intro: Hook- ââ¬ËThe world is a book and those who do not travel read only a pageââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ ¦ Thesis- I believe traveling will make me a better person and give me different perspectives of people around the world. a. Mexico b. The Bahamas c. Brazil Transition- Letââ¬â¢s move on to why Mexico is my first chose in visiting. Body Para A: Mexico was the place where I was born and I only got to live there for three years. a. Would like to visit my relatives b. They have great beaches. c. The historical places Transition- After visiting Mexico my third chose would be the Bahamas. * Body Para B: Imagine a world where you canââ¬â¢t tell where dreams begin and reality ends. These are The Islands of the Bahamas. And they're like no other places on Earth. a. They have clear waters b. People always have a lay back attitude. c. It looks like paradiseTransition- Talking about paradise, Brazil is the main place I would like to travel too. * Body Para C: Brazil is a country of great natural beauty. a. Amazing landscapes b. Celebration and events c. Its historical cities and its beaches Transition- Traveling to these countries will be a lot of fun. * Conclusion: Thatââ¬â¢s why I will go and visit these places with the one I love or with a friend. Call for action: I will get started by getting my passport and save some money. Let me leave you with this final thought what would you do read more pages or just read the first one?
Saturday, November 9, 2019
The Complete Teachers Guide to Discipline Referrals
The Complete Teacher's Guide to Discipline Referrals Classroom management and student discipline play a significant role in the daily duties of an educator. Those teachers who have a good handle on these practices find that they can spend more time teaching and less time managing their students.Ã Every discipline infraction serves as a distraction of some sort for all involved. Effective teachers can resolve an issue quickly and appropriately with minimal disruption of the learning process. Managing Discipline Referrals in the Classroom Teachers must be careful that they do not make a mountain out of a molehill.Ã They must manage and evaluate a situation correctly. If the situation warrants a discipline referral, then the student should be sent to the office. A teacher should never send a student to the office simply because they need a break or dont want to deal with it.Ã Students must be held accountable for their actions. However, complete reliance on the principal for handling all discipline issues is indicative of a failure to effectively manage a classroom on the teachers part. It is important to note that it works the opposite way as well. If a teacher never sends a student to the office, then they are not taking full advantage of the resources available to them. A teacher should never refuse to send a student to the office simply because they are worried about what their principal thinks. Sometimes making a discipline referral is necessary and the right decision. Most administrators understand this and will not think anything about it if you occasionally refer a student to them. For these reasons, every principal should develop a simple guide to discipline referrals for their teachers to follow. This guide should indicate what offenses should be dealt with in the classroom by the teacher and which offenses should result in a discipline referral. This guide to discipline referrals will eliminate guessing by the teacher and ultimately makes the principals job easier. Handling Minor Disciplinary Offenses The following offenses should be handled by the teachers themselves. In most cases retraining the students in procedures will be sufficient, though establishing and following through with classrooms consequences will help reinforce and minimize re-occurrences. A student should not be sent to the office for violating a single offense. These offenses are assumed to be of a minor nature. It is important to note that one of these minor issues can become major when it recurs on a regular basis. If this is the case and the teacher has exhausted an array classroom management and discipline techniques including contact of parents, they should go ahead and refer them to the office. Possession of gum, candy, toys, radios, etc.Passing notes.Failure to follow procedures.Cheating on daily assignments.Failure to bring appropriate materials to class.Petty conflicts among students.Disruptive behavior in the classroom, which is of a minor nature.Missing assigned teacher detention the first scheduled time.Not working in class after parent contact.Tardiness to class (first two occurrences).Use of electronic telecommunication devices for non-educational purposes (i.e. texting, social media, etc.) Handling Major Disciplinary Offenses The following offenses should result in an automatic referral to the office for discipline - NO EXCEPTIONS. Blatant disrespect towards the teacher.Bullying another student.Cheating on a quiz, test, or exam.Missing detention twice after parent contact.TheftLeaving class without permission.Obscene language or gesture.FightingObscene pictures or literature.Vandalism.Smoking and/or possession of smoking materials or tobacco.Possession, consumption, sale, or being under the influence of alcohol or drugs.Possession of fireworks, matches, lighter, or another caustic device.Verbal abuse of adults or students.Open defiance/insubordination.Threats by word or deed. Many students never have serious discipline problems. This list will serve as a guideline for teachers who do have policy violations by students in their classrooms. The teacher should use fair and appropriate judgment in the exercise of any discipline. The goal of any teachers disciplinary actions should be to prevent the inappropriate behavior from occurring again. In all cases, the administrator will have the flexibility to respond differently to various situations. The frequency, intensity, and duration of the misconduct are factors that influence the possible consequences.
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Global Marketing The WritePass Journal
Global Marketing Introduction and Company Background Global Marketing , p. 61). Additionally, the consumers are increasingly becoming aware of their health issues which change their attitudes towards food. Tesco Plc has had to adopt its marketing mix in order to accommodate the increased demand for organic products. It was also the first to allow customers to make payments using cheques and cash at the checkout. Demographics The demographic changes in the UK population like aging population and more female workers mean that there is a decline in home meal preparation in the country. The company has increased food supply in its stores in order to satisfy the needs of such customers. The same approach is replicated in its international stores as it provides the local foods like whale meat in Japan and other foods in Malaysia and South Korea (Cunningham Harney 2012, p. 90). Technological Factors Many products of the company have of the company have been influenced by technology. Technology is therefore a major macro environmental factor that benefits both the company and the customers (Baines et al 2013, p. 77). The customers are satisfied through more personalised and convenient shopping while the company benefits through the development of an efficient supply chain. Environmental Factors Companies are currently facing increased pressure to acknowledge their responsibility to the society. The companies are required to operate in a way that benefits the society (Bradley 2005, p. 33). Tesco has been accused of selling genetically modified foods to children. The focus of the corporate social responsibility of the company is to comply with regulations and its corporate governance policy. Legal Factors Tesco Plc is required to comply with the different policies and legislations of the countries in which it has operations. For example in Malaysia it faced restrictions that limit its expansion in the country. The company has lowered the prices of some goods to comply with the pricing policies of different countries in which it has business operations. Internal Environmental Analysis Although Tesco PLC has operations in different countries across the world, its core operations are in the United Kingdom which accounts for over 60% of its sales. This study will use different theoretical models in analysing the external environment of the company. The company continuously upgrades its ordering system, in- store processes and vendor list to improve the efficiency of its operations. It uses information technology to maintain its low priced leadership approach to supply chain management.à The EPRG framework will be used to analyse Tesco PLC foreign marketing involvement. The company has to re-orient itself and align its operations to fit into the different levels of operational activities that a particular market segment requires. The EPRG framework assesses four types of orientation of a firm towards foreign marketing. It is very useful in helping companies asses and determine their operational strategies as it relates closely to the marketing mix. The strategies c hosen by the company for each variable determines its overall operational strategy. The table below shows the EPRG analysis and marketing mix of Tesco PLC. Product The products of Tesco PLC are a mix of ethnocentric and regiocentric. The products that the company sells do not fit into all its market segments. Instead it sells products that are suitable for the respective regions in order to maximise sales (Thoenig Waldman 2007, p. 111). The international expansion of the company takes into account the different tastes of the respective market segments. For instance it devoted a very big attention to the needs of the customers while venturing into the central European market as is reflected in the product line (Glowik Smyczek 2011, p. 117). In the Czech Republic the company concentrated on providing the Czech products through retail shops. The same goes to China where the local consumers prefer buying live fish and turtles and other instant noodles unlike in the European market. Tesco PLC had to provide these products to the Chinese market in order to attract the Chinese customers. The other example is in Thailand where the company had to adap t to the shopping habits of the Thai customers by introducing the fresh market hall to serve the interests of these customers who spent a huge proportion of their income on fresh foods. These new adjustments were introduced by the company to help it penetrate the new markets because some of these provisions are not available in its operations in the United Kingdom. The website of the company is also translated into the languages of the specific market segments to ensure that the prospective and existent customers get the latest information on the products on sale and offers if any. The other aspects of the company like online marketing and sales are consistently available in all the market segments. Promotion Tesco PLC uses a mixture of both ethnocentric and polycentric promotional strategy. Although most of its promotional activities are those used in the United Kingdom, it also utilises the needs and characteristics of the particular market in formulating its promotional strategies (Humby et al 2008, p.68). For example Tesco PLC implemented a strong plan for addressing parts of its offer to the customers in Thailand. The measures included remerchandising of its clubpack range of bulk products. It particularly targeted the small traders who shop regularly with the company. Another example is Poland where the company is launching a turnaround plan to improve its presentation of fresh food and is even introducing new concepts like bistro dining in order to differentiate itself from competition (Gunn 2009, p. 139). These plans are in some ways similar to the build better Tesco strategy being used in the United Kingdom but are a little adjusted to best serve the interests of the local market . Price Tesco PLC pursues a predominantly polycentric pricing approach in its international markets. The company attempts to organise its marketing activities based on the specific countries of operation (Humby et al 2008, p. 198). It treats each country differently and formulates strategies that suit the specific local needs of the consumers. As such the prices of its products vary across different market segments depending on demand, income levels and demographics.à For instance having had a difficult time in Ireland, the company launched pricing initiatives aimed at combating discounters and counter the lower prices offered by its competitors. The company reduced the prices in the stores particularly those close to the Irish border and has plans of extending the same to the rest of its stores in the country in the long run. The same low pricing strategy was also used by the company in Malaysia in order to attract more customers. In the other markets like England and Poland the prices a re a little higher because they are sustainable for those market segments. In essence, Tesco PLC tries to ensure that the products and their prices fit into the demands of that particular market segment in question. People The management orientation of Tesco PLC has elements of both geocentric and polycentric influence. The global expansion of the company has been accompanied by teams that focus on both global and local markets. Its international expansion strategy has mainly been through joint ventures with the local partner firms in order to be sensitive to the needs of the local markets (Maynard 2013, p. 33). The company retains the employees of the partnering firms and continues with the approach of employing the local people because they are well placed to serve the needs of the local consumers.à These local personnel are maintained by the company especially in the middle and low management positions because they are better placed to serve the needs of the local market than the foreign expatriates. Place and Process The process of Tesco PLC is a mix of polycentric and geocentric. The company has adopted a global approach in some of its operations as it has designed its value chain in a manner that ensures that it minimises its operational costs. For instance when it came apparent that it was critical to reduce the prices of products in its stores in Ireland, Tesco PLC decided to drop its suppliers in the country in preference for favourable ones elsewhere. The management of the company has established its distribution channels to facilitate the movement of its products across the different regional and national markets (Zentes et al 2011, p.173). The process of the company also has some elements of polycentric approach because it uses some strategies based on particular countries.à For instance in Asia it treats all the countries differently based their product demands are different making it impossible for the company to use the geocentric approach.à à As such it acquires the products f rom the local suppliers and uses local marketing channels for serving the needs of that particular market segment. The polycentric approach has helped the company penetrate into difficult markets like Malaysia, China and South Korea as these countries have significant political, economic and cultural differences with the United Kingdom (Zentes et al 2011, p. 45). The products of the company are sold in its stores which it rents in the major malls and shopping centres whenever it finds space or builds its ownà stores in cases where that is the best option for the market segment. The place can be said to be polycentric because the products are mostly in the big cities where there are many consumers with the ability to buy its products. The polycentric approach enables the company to strategically position itself in the markets in order to reach as many customers as possible. Proactive Market Research The uses a polycentric approach in research and new product development because the needs of its customers in the different market segments are very diverse. In addition to this, some market segments like the American market have big industrial players like Wal-Mart who have a large base of loyal customers making it difficult to venture into such markets with an ethnocentric approach. Proliferation of the Brand The products of the company are standardised around the world to ensure that they are distinct and meet the required company standards. TOWS ANALYSIS of Tesco Plc The TOWS analysis will be used to analyse both the internal and external factors in order to provide a holistic view of the position and direction of the company. The figure below shows a combination of the TOWS analysis that combines the DEEPLETERS analysis with the competitive advantages and EPRG model. à à à INTERNAL STRENGTHS ÃËà à à Strong global brandà and high brand exposure ÃËà à à Strong core UK market ÃËà à à Strong and stable growth in Asia ÃËà à à Financially sound ÃËà à à Variety of products to appeal to different consumers INTERNAL WEAKNESES ÃËà à à à à Ethnocentric reliance on the UK market ÃËà à à à à Stagnant or negative sales in some developed countries ÃËà à à à à High price elasticity due to competition and low costs of customers switching to other brands and loyalty ÃËà à à à à Resistance to large firms in some countries EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES à SO ÃËà à à à à Continue entering appropriate markets across the globe ÃËà à à à à Continue building on cost efficient pricing to attract more customers ÃËà à à à à Go into new markets and buy local retailers to gain market share WO ÃËà à à à à Explore ways of reducing their operational costs in order to reduce prices for the consumers ÃËà à à à à Increase the efficiency of its business process and supply chain ÃËà à à à à Capitalise on the opportunities present in the developing world by opening more stores there à EXTERNAL THREATS à ÃËà à à à à Increased competition from other well established brands ÃËà à à à à Political and legal opposition against expansion in some economies ÃËà à à à à Contracting consumer expenditures in Europe that reduce the demand for the non-basic goods ÃËà à à à à Economic reforms may threaten multinationals like the finances and operations of Tesco Plc à à à ST à à ÃËà à à à à Remain ahead of its competitors in terms of research and innovation in order to give the customers what they want ÃËà à à à à Contribute to the society in which it operates to limit the political and legal barriers that inhibit its growth WT à à ÃËà à à à à Increase the awareness of the brand through advertisement ÃËà à à à à Withdraw from the markets that are not performing well and use the funds to support other operations of the company à The above analysis reveals that the company is on the right path as it has enacted mechanisms that will help it capitalise on its strengths and address its weaknesses. For instance the company has closed some of its international businesses that are not performing well like in the United States to reduce on loses. The company has also increased its operations in China and is focused in strengthening its presence in the emerging economies in Asia. Additionally, it is employing more local people and complying with the local regulations to reduce opposition against its operations in some economies. Opportunity Identification Analysis of opportunity identification will be done using the BCG Matrix. The Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG) is important in analysing how companies allocate resources (Maynard 2013, p.81). The matrix splits the products of the company into four categories that determine how much money the company should invest in them. The categories are as follows: Cash cows should be used by the company for profits as much as possible Stars should receive investments so that they become the next cash cows Dogs have low share of market growth and should be sold as they depress the performance of the company Question marks have low share of high growth market and have the potential of becoming stars or dogs. The high street shops of the company are the cash cows. Tesco Plc has approximately 30% of market share in this division although the growth of the division has been very slow. The online operations of the company are the stars. The company is the largest online grocer in the United Kingdom. Tesco Plc should make more investments in this sector to improve its online offering because e-commerce is growing rapidly. The question marks of the company include video on demand service and blinkbox which face high competition from the big industrial players. The company should decide on the appropriate level of investments needed for turning this division into star. The Fresh and Easy operation in the United States was a dog and that is why the company decided to pull out of the country. Positioning/ targeting The targeting strategy of Tesco Plc includes people of all ages and it offers a wide range of products to meet the demands of the customers. The company focuses on the specifications of products that are close to those of the rival companies in order to try and win customers from such companies. For instance it offers fresh and unreserved goods because people spend more money buying fresh products. In addition to product specifications, the company also prices its products fairly to attract more customers because households are very sensitive to price. Conclusion The findings of this study reveal that the strategies being pursued by Tesco Plc in its international expansion are in line with strategic models. The company identifies the opportunities present in the business environment and then devises the strategies for exploiting them. It has also adopted entry strategies like joint ventures and acquisitions for expanding into the international market. Such approach has helped the company expand its distribution network and win over the local markets by giving the customers a local approach. The company has also closed down the international businesses that are not doing well in the United States and Japan to reduce on loses and help it focus on other profitable markets. The company must continue to exploit the potential emerging markets and also looks for mechanisms of outdoing its major competitors. References Applegate, E., Johnsen, A. (2007). Cases in advertising and marketing management: Real situations for tomorrows managers. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Baines, P., Fill, C., Page, K. (2013). Essentials of marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bradley, F. (2005). International marketing strategy. New York: FT/Prentice Hall. Cunningham, J., Harney, B. (2012). Strategy strategists. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Glowik, M., Smyczek, S. (2011). International marketing management: Strategies, concepts and cases in Europe. MuÃËnchen: Oldenbourg. Gunn, M. (2009). Trading regime analysis: The probability of volatility. Chichester, England: Wiley. Humby, C., Hunt, T., Phillips, T. (2008). Scoring Points: How Tesco Continues to Win Customer Loyalty. London: Kogan Page. Maynard, J. (2013). Financial accounting, reporting, and analysis. Oxford: Oxford university press McLoughlin, D., Aaker, D. A. (2010). Strategic market management: Global perspectives. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Pradhan, S. (2009). Retailing management: Text and cases. New Delhi, India: Tata Mcgraw-Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. Richter, T. (2012). International marketing mix management: Theoretical framework, contingency factors and empirical findings from world-markets. Berlin: Logos. Thoenig, J.-C., Waldman, C. (2007). The marking enterprise: Business success and societal embedding. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan. Zentes, J., Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. (2011). Strategic retail management: Text and international cases. Wiesbaden: Gabler.à Appendix Ethnocentric Polycentric Regiocentric Geocentric Ethnocentric Proliferation of the Brand Promotion product Polycentric Price / place/ Proactive Market Research Regiocentric Geocentric People / process
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